November 9, 2025 8 min read

How Money Moves: The Evolution of Payment Systems in Canada

From cash and checks to instant digital transactions, the way Canadians send and receive money has undergone a radical transformation. Understanding this evolution helps explain why blockchain-based payment rails like XRPL represent the next logical step in payment infrastructure.

The Traditional Payment Stack: How It Works

When you tap your credit card at a coffee shop, a surprisingly complex chain of events unfolds in seconds. Understanding this process reveals why modern alternatives matter.

The traditional payment flow involves multiple parties:

Each intermediary charges a fee. For merchants, credit card processing typically costs 1.5% to 3.5% per transaction, with Visa and Mastercard controlling roughly 90% of the global payment processing market outside China.

💡 The Visa-Mastercard Duopoly

Visa and Mastercard don't just dominate—they effectively control payment infrastructure in most of the world. This concentration of power means merchants have limited negotiating leverage on fees, and consumers indirectly pay through higher prices. Canada, like much of the world, operates within this duopoly structure.

A Brief History: From Barter to Digital

Pre-1950s: Cash and Checks

Before credit cards, Canadians relied on cash for everyday purchases and checks for larger transactions. Checks required manual processing, taking days to clear, and carried significant fraud risk.

1950: The First Credit Card

Diners Club issued the first modern credit card, allowing members to charge meals and pay later. This "buy now, pay later" model revolutionized consumer spending.

1958-1966: Visa and Mastercard Emerge

Bank of America launched BankAmericard (later Visa) in 1958. Mastercard formed in 1966 as a consortium of banks. These networks quickly became the backbone of global payment processing.

1980s-1990s: Digital Payment Processing

Electronic point-of-sale (POS) systems replaced manual card imprinters. Transactions became faster, but settlement still required 2-3 business days through batch processing systems.

2000s: Online Payments

E-commerce exploded, requiring secure online payment infrastructure. PayPal, Stripe, and other processors emerged to facilitate internet transactions, but still relied on the underlying Visa/Mastercard rails.

Canada's Payment Infrastructure Today

Canada operates several national payment systems managed by Payments Canada, a not-for-profit organization that maintains the country's payment clearing and settlement infrastructure.

1. Automated Clearing Settlement System (ACSS)

The ACSS handles bulk retail payments including direct deposits, pre-authorized debits, bill payments, and electronic funds transfers. Transactions are processed in batches and settled next business day.

2. Real-Time Rail (RTR)

Launched in recent years, the Real-Time Rail enables instant, 24/7/365 payments between Canadians. Funds are transferred and settled within seconds, with immediate availability to recipients.

The RTR is a major step forward, but it's limited to domestic Canadian payments. Cross-border transactions still rely on correspondent banking networks like SWIFT, which can take 3-5 business days and carry high fees.

🇨🇦 Why This Matters for Canada

Canada's Real-Time Rail is a progressive step, but it only solves domestic payment speed. For a trading nation like Canada, with significant cross-border commerce with the U.S., Europe, and Asia, international payment infrastructure remains slow and expensive.

Canadian businesses exporting goods, freelancers working with international clients, and immigrants sending remittances home all face the same problem: cross-border payments are still stuck in the past.

The Limitations of Legacy Systems

Despite decades of innovation, traditional payment systems still face structural constraints:

For businesses, these limitations translate to trapped capital. If it takes 5 days to receive payment from an international customer, that's 5 days you can't reinvest those funds into inventory, payroll, or operations.

Enter Blockchain-Based Payment Rails

This is where XRPL comes in. The XRP Ledger was designed from the ground up to solve the specific problems of cross-border payments:

Major financial institutions like CIBC (Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce) already use Ripple's On-Demand Liquidity (ODL), which leverages XRPL for instant cross-border payments. This isn't theoretical—it's live infrastructure being used today by one of Canada's Big Five banks.

The Future of Payments Is Being Built Today

Canada has an opportunity to lead in modernizing payment infrastructure. Whether you're a developer, entrepreneur, or institution, understanding how XRPL works is essential to participating in this evolution.

Explore XRPL Resources →

Sources & Further Reading